Methods and apparatus for implementing bit-by-bit erase of a flash memory device

ABSTRACT

A NAND memory device is constructed using Silicon On Insulator (SOI) techniques. In particular, Thin Film Transistor (TFT) techniques can be used to fabricate the NAND Flash memory device. In both SOI and TFT structures, the body, or well, is isolated. This can be used to enable a bit-by-bit programming and erasing of individual cells and allows tight control of the threshold voltage, which can enable MLC operation.

RELATED APPLICATIONS INFORMATION

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/746,722, entitled “A Bit-by-Bit Program/Erase Method for NAND Flash Memory Device Using SOI or TFT Technology,” filed May 8, 2006, and which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in full.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The embodiments described herein relate generally to Flash memory devices, and more particularly to methods for operating a Flash memory device that allow the device to be programmed and erased on a bit-by-bit basis and that allow for tight control of the programmed threshold voltage enabling multi-level cell applications.

2. Background

Conventional Flash memory devices are either NOR or NAND-type devices. In a conventional NOR device, each cell comprises a well known single transistor architecture. The single transistor comprising each cell is similar to a standard MOSFET, except that it comprises a two-gate structure. One gate is referred to as the control gate, which operates similar to the gate in a conventional MOSFET transistor. The second gate is referred to as the floating gate, which is separated from the control gate by an insulating layer. The gate structure is fabricated on top of a silicon substrate. The floating gate is also separated from this substrate by an insulating layer. Any electrons placed on the floating gate are trapped there due to the surrounding insulating layers. Thus, these electrons can be used to store information. When electrons are placed on the floating gate, the electrons modify, e.g., partially cancel out, the electric field being generated by a voltage supplied to the control gate, thereby modifying the threshold voltage (V_(t)) of the cell. When the cell is read by placing a specific voltage on the control gate, electrical current will either flow or not flow, depending on the threshold voltage (V_(t)) of the cell. The presence or absence of current can then be sensed and translated into a data “1” or data “0.” Accordingly, a cell can be programmed by storing electrons on the floating gate and thereby changing the threshold voltage (V_(t)) of the cell.

A NOR Flash cell is programmed via a process known as Channel Hot Electron (CHE) injection. During a CHE programming operation, the appropriate voltages are applied to the source, drain, and gate of the cell to produce a current flowing from the source to the drain in the channel under the gate structure. A large voltage placed on the control gate provides a strong enough electric field to cause some of the electrons to tunnel through the lower insulating layer onto the floating gate. A NOR Flash cell is then erased by applying a large voltage differential between the control gate and the source, which causes the electrons to tunnel through the lower insulating layer.

NAND devices use tunnel injection for programming and tunnel release for erasing. The tunneling mechanism is referred to as Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, which is well-known in the art.

Both NOR and NAND-type Flash memory devices can be programmed on a bit-by-bit basis. In other words, programming methods exist that allow a single bit to be programmed, while prohibiting program disturb of surrounding cells; however, both NOR and NAND-type devices must be erased by blocks. In other words, the cells are grouped into sectors, or blocks and all of the cells in a particular sector or block are erased at the same time.

More recently, multi-level cell (MLC) approaches have been used to store multiple bits per cell in both NOR and NAND type devices. MLC techniques allow for increased density in a smaller area and are therefore beneficial as it increases the amount of data being stored in Flash applications. In an MLC cell, the threshold is varied between multiple discreet levels by storing varying amounts of charge on the floating gate. The amount of current flowing when a voltage is applied to the control gate can then be sensed to determine how much charge is stored on the floating gate. In other devices, e.g., a nitride read only memory device, multiple bits can be stored in each cell by storing charge in different areas of the charged trapping structure. Accordingly, charge can be stored near the source on one side of the gate structure, and charge can be stored near the drain on the other side of the gate structure. These charges can then be independently sensed in order to determine the programming status of each bit.

MLC devices require a very tight threshold voltage (V_(t)) distribution control. Unfortunately, conventional Flash memory techniques do not always allow this type of distribution control.

Conventionally, NOR-type devices have been more reliable than their NAND counterparts, and therefore are used for data critical application such as for storing executable software code. NAND-type devices, on the other hand, have higher densities and are therefore more attractive when the application requires the storage of large amounts of data. More recently, the reliability of NAND-type devices has improved such that it now rivals, or even surpasses that of NOR-type devices. Accordingly, NAND-type devices are becoming more popular because they provide the high storage capacity of conventional NAND devices with the reliability normally associated with NOR devices.

Even so, conventional NAND-type memory devices still suffer the drawback of being restricted to block erase operations, and the difficulty in controlling the threshold voltage (V_(t)) with sufficient precision to enable MLC operation.

SUMMARY

A NAND-type Flash memory device is capable of being programmed and erased on a bit-by-bit basis, which enables tight threshold voltage (V_(t)) distribution control. Accordingly, the NAND memory device can be configured for MLC operation.

In one aspect, a NAND memory device is constructed using Silicon On Insulator (SOI) techniques. In particular, Thin Film Transistor (TFT) techniques can be used to fabricate a NAND Flash memory device described herein. In both SOI and TFT structures, the body, or well, is isolated. This can be used to enable the bit-by-bit programming and erasing of individual cells and allows the tight control of the threshold voltage, which can enable MLC operation.

These and other features, aspects, and embodiments of the invention are described below in the section entitled “Detailed Description.”

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Features, aspects, and embodiments of the inventions are described in conjunction with the attached drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example NAND memory array in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the schematic equivalent of the array of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a cross sectional view of the array of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating another cross sectional view of the array of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating an example programming operation for the array of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5B is a graph illustrating example programming characteristics for the array of FIG. 1 for varying programming voltages;

FIG. 5C is a graph illustrating example program prohibit effects for the array of FIG. 1 for varying programming voltages;

FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating an example bit-by-bit erase operation for the array of FIG. 1 in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating the timing and results for the operation illustrated in FIG. 6A;

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a cross sectional view of a 3-dimensional NAND memory array in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a top view of the array of FIG. 7;

FIGS. 9A-9G are diagrams illustrating a cross sectional view of a plurality of example gate structures that can be used in the arrays of FIGS. 1 and 7;

FIGS. 10A-10 b are band diagrams for the gate structure of FIG. 9B under low and high electric fields respectively; and

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a cross sectional view of still another example gate structure that can be used in the arrays of FIGS. 1 and 7.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It will be understood that any dimensions, measurements, ranges, test results, numerical data, etc., presented below are approximate in nature and unless otherwise stated not intended as precise data. The nature of the approximation involved will depend on the nature of the data, the context, and the specific embodiments or implementations being discussed.

The embodiments described below are directed to method for operating a NAND flash memory device in a manner that allows for both program-to-high and program-to-low operation. This allows the device to be both programmed and erased on a bit-by-bit basis. The device can also be configured to program and erase simultaneously. Further, since each cell in the device can be bit-by-bit corrected, a tight threshold voltage (V_(t)) distribution control required for MLC operation can be achieved.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a top view of the various layers comprising a NAND flash memory array 100 configured in accordance with the embodiments described herein. As will be explained in more detail below, the layers illustrated in FIG. 1 are formed over an insulating material using Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) techniques. More particularly, in certain embodiments, Thin-Film-Transistor (TFT) fabrication technique can be used to form memory array 100. The SOI and TFT structures share the similar feature that the body, or well, for each cell 110 is isolated from the body, or well of other cells in the device. This isolation is illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4.

As can be seen in FIG. 1, word lines 102 are formed over bit lines 104. Bit lines 104 are separated by Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) structures 108. STI structures are well-known and will not be described in detail here; however, it will be clear that STI structures 108 provide isolation between adjacent bit lines 104. Source/drain regions 106 can then be implanted into bit lines 104 in the areas not covered by word lines 102. The areas under word lines 102 can then act as the channel regions for a particular cell, such as cell 110 illustrated in the middle of array 100.

With reference to cell 110, the source/drain regions 106 on either side of word line 102 act as the source/drain regions for cell 110 and the region of bit line 104 under word line 102 acts as the channel region for cell 110. As explained in more detail below, by applying the appropriate voltages to source/drain regions 106 and word lines 102, cell 110 can be programmed and erased on a bit-by-bit basis relative to the other cells within array 100. It should be noted that cell 110 can be an N-channel or P-channel cell depending on the embodiment. But regardless of whether cell 110 is an N-channel or P-channel cell, cell 110 can be programmed and erased on a bit-by-bit basis relative to the other cells in array 100 using the methods described herein.

Unlike conventional EEPROM which typically also allow bit-by-bit program and erase operations, cells of array 100 can be made very small. For example, an EEPROM often requires two transistors, and the cell size is often relatively large, e.g., greater than 20 F². In contrast, a cell such as cell 110 in array 100 can use the single transistor NAND architecture and thus the cell size can be minimal, e.g. approximately 4 F². Moreover, as explained in more detail below, using a TFT NAND architecture can also facilitate the use of a three-dimensional, stacked architecture, which can significantly increase density.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of array 100. As can be seen, word lines 102 are attached to the gates of cell transistors 110. The bit lines 104 are then attached to source/drain regions 106 via bit lines transistors 114. The gates of bit lines transistors 114 are controlled via bit line transistor control line 116. The other side of cell transistors 110 is controlled via source line 126 which is interfaced with cell transistors 110 via source line transistors 112. The gates of source line transistors 112 are controlled via source line transistor control line 122.

FIGS. 3 and 4 are diagrams illustrating cross-sectional views of the layers illustrated in FIG. 1 along the lines AA′ and BB′ respectively. As can be seen in FIG. 3, array 100 is formed on an insulating layer 144. For example, insulating layer 144 can be sapphire or a silicon dioxide (SiO₂) layer. Bit lines 104 can then be formed over insulating 144 by depositing a semiconductor material 142 over layer 144, the semiconductor material 142 can then be patterned and etched using conventional photolithography techniques in order to produce bit lines 104. Word lines 102 can then be formed over bit lines 104 by sequentially forming layers of the appropriate material over bit lines 104 and patterning and etching the layers to produce word lines 102. Once word lines 102 are formed, source/drain regions 106 can then be implanted into bit lines 104, e.g., using a self-aligned process. This will leave channel regions 142 under word lines 102 and between source and drain regions 106.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, STI structures 108 can be formed between bit lines 104. This is also illustrated in FIG. 4 which is a cross-sectional view along the line BB′ from FIG. 1. Thus, channel regions 142 under word lines 102 are separated from each other by STI structures 108.

Referring to FIG. 3, word lines 102 form the gate structures for each cell 110 in array 100. As explained in more detail below, a variety of gate structures can be used in accordance with the embodiments described herein. In the example of FIG. 3, a Bandgap Engineered-Silicon-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (BE-SONOS) gate structure is used for cells 110. Accordingly, each gate structure comprises an ONO structure 134, nitride layer 133, oxide layer 132, and a polysilicon layer 130 sequentially formed over bit lines 104. As will be understood, ONO layer 134 can comprise an oxide layer 140, nitride layer 138, and oxide layer 136 sequentially formed over bit line 104.

A BE-SONOS gate structure is described in more detail below, as are other possible gate structures that can be used in accordance with the embodiments described herein.

FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating voltages that can be applied to array 100 during a programming operation in accordance with one embodiment. In the example of FIG. 5A, cell 504 is the target cell. Further, in the example of FIG. 5A, array 100 comprises N-channel cells 110, although as explained above, the embodiments described herein can also be used for P-channel cells.

Referring to FIG. 5A, programming of cell 504 can be achieved by applying a high voltage (e.g., 17 V) to word line 118 associated with cell 504 (WL_(N-1)) and a medium voltage (e.g., 9 V) to the unselected word lines 102. For example, in certain embodiments a voltage in the range of approximately 14 V to 20 V can be applied to word line 118 associated with cell 504, while a medium voltage in the range of 6 to 12 V is applied to the other word line 102. In one specific example, a high voltage of approximately 17 V can be applied to word line 118 associated with cell 504, while voltage of approximately 9 V is applied to word lines 118 associated with the unselected cell 502.

The selected bit line 122, in this case BL₁, is tied to a low voltage, or grounded so as to create a sufficient voltage drop across selected cell 504. For example, if a high voltage of 17 V is applied to the associated word line 118, then the voltage drop across cell 504 will be approximately 17 V. FIG. 5B is a diagram illustrating example programming characteristics for cell 504 for varying word line voltages. As can be seen, by applying a word line voltage of between 16 V and 19 V, while grounding the associated bit line 122, the threshold of cell 504 can be raised to a high threshold voltage of between approximately 2 V and 3.5 V. In the example of FIG. 5B, the programming voltages were applied for a duration of approximately 50 μsec.

During the programming operation, a high bit-line voltage (e.g., 8 V) is applied to the unselected bit line 104, in this case BL₂, such that the voltage drop across adjacent, unselected cell 506 is relatively small. For example, a voltage in the range from approximately 5 V to 11 V can be applied to the unselected bit line 104. In one specific implementation, a voltage of approximately 8 V is applied to the unselected bit line 104.

Applying the high bit-line voltage to the unselected bit line, and thereby creating a relatively small drop across adjacent cell 506, inhibits program disturb of adjacent cell 506. FIG. 5C is a diagram illustrating the program inhibit effects for various voltages applied to word lines 102 and bit lines 104 and 122. In the example of FIG. 5C, a high word-line voltage of 17 V is applied to word line 118 associated with cell 504, while medium word-line voltages of approximately 9 V are applied to the unselected word lines 102. A low bit-line voltage of approximately 0 V is applied to selected bit line 122 associated with cell 504, while a high bit-line voltage of approximately 8 V is applied to the unselected bit line 104. As can be seen, the threshold voltage for unselected cells 502 and 506 remains low at around −1 volts.

Accordingly, cells 110 of array 100 can be programmed on a bit-by-bit basis, i.e., using the methods described above. Array 100 can also be erased in either a block or sector erase operation or, as explained below, on a cell-by-cell basis. With reference to FIG. 2, a sector erase can be implemented by applying a low voltage (e.g., −18 V) to all of the word lines 102 while applying a grounding voltage (e.g., 0 V) to all of the bit lines 104. This allows the threshold voltage for each cell 110 to be lowered.

Additionally, however, cells 110 can be erased on a cell-by-cell basis. FIG. 6A illustrates an example embodiment for a cell-by-cell erase operation. In the example of FIG. 6A, cell 604 is the target cell being erased. In order to erase target cell 604 without affecting, e.g., adjacent cells 602 and 606, a medium low word-line voltage (e.g., −10 V) is applied to word line 118 associated with cell 604 (WL_(N-1)), while a medium high word-line voltage (e.g., 10 V) is applied to the unselected word lines 102. For example, in one embodiment, a low word-line voltage in the range of approximately −7 V to −13 V can be applied to word line 118 associated with cell 604, while a medium word-line voltage in the range of approximately 7 V to 13 V can be applied to the unselected word lines 102. In one specific example, a low word-line voltage of approximately −10 V is applied to the selected word line 118, while a medium word-line voltage of approximately 10 V is applied to the unselected word lines 102.

A high bit-line voltage (e.g., 8 V) can then be applied to the selected bit line 122 (BL₁), while the unselected bit lines 104 are tied to approximately 0 volts. A high bit-line voltage should be applied to bit line transistor control line 116 in order to turn on pass transistors 114 and allow the voltage applied to the selected bit lines 104 and 122 to pass through to cells 110. Pass transistors 112, on the other hand, can be turned off by tying source line transistor control line 120 to approximately 0 volts. Source line 126 can be allowed to float through the operation.

The total gate voltage applied to cell 604 will be equal to the voltage applied to word line 118 minus the voltage applied to the selected bit line 122. Accordingly, if −10 V is applied to the selected word line 118 and 8 V is applied to the selected bit line 122, then the total gate voltage will be −18 V, which should be sufficient to erase cell 604. At the same time, the total gate voltage applied to the unselected cells, e.g., cells 602 and 606 will only be −10 V, which provides a very good erase disturb margin.

FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating the timing and results for the operation illustrated in FIG. 6A. Curves 608 illustrate that a cell can be effectively erased by either applying a large negative word-line voltage, e.g., −18 V, to the selected word line, while tying the selected bit line to approximately 0 volts, or by applying a medium negative word-line voltage, e.g., −10 V, to the selected word line 118, and a high bit-line voltage, e.g., +8 V to the selected bit line 122. In other words, whether erasing an entire sector, or an individual cell, the erase operation can be performed with approximately the same efficiency and results.

Curve 606 illustrates that the erase disturb effects for unselected cells, e.g., cells 602 and 606, can be kept to a minimum using the operation illustrated in FIG. 6A. As described, a negative voltage is applied to the gates so as to prevent the formation of an inversion channel in each cell. As a result, a positive voltage applied to a selected bit line cannot raise the well potential as needed to achieve erase of an individual unselected cell.

When using an SOI or TFT architecture, the body of each cell is effectively floating relative to each bit line. This is because the STI structures isolate the body for each cell. Under such conditions, the body potential for an individual cell can be controlled using a bit line voltage as described in relation to FIG. 6A. The bit line voltage will raise the body potential to a voltage very close to that applied to the bit line. This produces the net gate voltage needed to erase a particular cell. Again, as described in relation to FIG. 6B, the erase result can be similar, or even the same as that achieved for a sector erase.

It should be noted that the operations described above can also be implemented for a P-channel NAND structure by creating inverse programming and erase voltage conditions.

The ability to program and erase on an individual cell basis allows for a very tight threshold voltage (V_(t)) distribution. The threshold voltage (V_(t)) distribution can enable MLC applications. This can be achieved by adjusting the amount of charge stored in an individual cell 1110.

Further, a review of the voltages applied in FIGS. 5A and 6A make clear that a certain cell can be programmed, while another cell is being erased. For example, a cell in the same row as cell 506 can be being erased, while cell 504 is being programmed.

Further, as noted above, the density of a device configured to implement the operations described herein can be increased by using a 3-dimensional, stacked architecture. FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary TFT, stacked NAND memory 700 in accordance with one embodiment. In the example of FIG. 7, NAND memory 700 is fabricated on top of an insulating layer 702. Accordingly, device 700 is fabricated using SOI processing techniques. For example, device 700 can be fabricated using TFT processing techniques. A TFT is a special kind of field effect transistor made by depositing thin films for the metallic contacts, semiconductor active layer, and dielectric layer on an insulating layer. The channel region of a TFT is a thin film that is deposited onto a substrate that is often glass.

Successive bitline layers and wordline layers can then be fabricated on insulating layer 702. For example, in FIG. 7 a first bitline layer 710 is fabricated on insulating layer 702. A first wordline layer 720 is then fabricated on top of first bit line layer 710. A second bitline layer 730 is then fabricated on top of first wordline layer 720. Finally, a second wordline layer 740 is fabricated on top of second bitline layer 730.

Further bitline and wordline layers can be successively fabricated on top of the layers illustrated in FIG. 7. Thus, two bitline layers and two wordline layers are shown for convenience only and the methods described herein should not be seen as limited to a certain number of bitline layers and/or wordline layers. Each bitline layer 710 and 730 comprises a plurality of bitlines 704 separated by insulating regions 706. Each wordline layer 720 and 740 comprises a wordline conductor 705 sandwiched between trapping layers 703 and 707.

By using the stacked configuration illustrated in FIG. 7, greater memory densities can be achieved. The density can be increased even further through MLC operation made possible by the operation methods described above.

An example process for fabricating device 700 is described in detail in Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/425,959 entitled “A Stacked Non-Volatile Memory Device and Methods for Fabricating the Same,” filed Jun. 22, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference in the entirety as if set forth in full.

FIG. 8 is a top view of device 700. FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view of the layer illustrated in FIG. 8 along the line AA″. As can be seen, the top layer of device 700 can comprise a plurality of word lines 740 formed over a plurality of bit lines 704. Bit lines 704 can be separated by insulating structures 706. Source/Drain regions 820 can be implanted in bit lines 704 in the areas not covered by word lines 740. The areas of bit lines 704 under word lines 740 can then act as the channel regions for the associated cells.

Referring to FIG. 7, a plurality of vertically stacked memory cells 710-726 can then be formed within device 700. The trapping structures 703 above or below the channel regions in bit lines 704 along with the associated gate conductor 705 form the gate structures for each cell. Cells 722-724 are illustrated in FIG. 8 as are additional cells 846-856. It will be understood therefore that FIG. 8 illustrates three rows of memory cells, where each row comprises three stacked layers of cells. It will also be understood, however, that the number of rows and layers of cells illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8 are by way of example only and that any number of rows and/or layers can be implemented depending on the requirements of a particular implementation.

As discussed above, a variety of gate structures can be used in accordance with the embodiments described herein. For example, in certain embodiments a simple floating gate structure can be used. In other embodiments, however, a more complex trapping structure can be used. FIGS. 9A-9H are diagrams illustrating example embodiments of various trapping structures that can be used, e.g., in device 700.

The first exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9A comprises a Silicon-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (SONOS) structure. This structure comprises an oxide layer 908, nitride layer 906, and oxide layer 904 sequentially formed over polysilicon layer 704. Oxide region 908 acts as a tunnel dielectric layer and nitride layer 906 acts as a trapping layer for trapping charge. When the SONOS structure of FIG. 9A is used, charge is stored in trapping structure 906 of a particular cell by injection of holes into trapping layer 906. A cell can be erased through the direct tunneling of holes into trapping structure 906, where they compensate for any electrons previously stored in trapping structure 906. The tunneling of holes in the trapping structure 906 is achieved via Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. Oxide layer 908 can be a thin oxide layer, e.g., less than 3 nanometers thick. In the example of FIG. 9A, a polysilicon word line conductor 705 is then formed over oxide layer 904. As explained with respect to FIG. 11, certain embodiments can use a metal word line conductor.

NAND devices constructed using the SONOS trapping structure illustrated in FIG. 9A retain less charge due to leakage current that results from the direct tunneling of holes into trapping layer 906 during charge retention.

FIG. 9B is a diagram illustrating a band-gap engineered (BE)-SONOS structure. The BE-SONOS structure of FIG. 9B is fabricated by sequentially forming an ONO structure 914 followed by a nitride layer 912, and a dielectric layer 910 over polysilicon layer 704. ONO structure 914 is thus formed by sequentially forming an oxide layer 920, nitride layer 918, and an oxide layer 916 over polysilicon layer 704. As with the SONOS structure of FIG. 9A, the BE-SONOS structure of FIG. 9B uses Fowler-Nordheim hole tunneling to erase the memory cells; however, the BE-SONOS structure of FIG. 9B does not exhibit the poor charge retention that results from direct tunneling leakage, or device degradation that results from hot hole erase damage.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are band diagrams illustrating the energy bands for ONO structure 914, of the BE-SONOS structure illustrated in FIG. 9B. FIG. 10A is a band diagram during data retention, and FIG. 10B is a band diagram during erase. As can be seen in FIG. 10A, during retention holes do not have sufficient energy to overcome the potential barriers of the layers comprising ONO structure 914. Data retention occurs when a low electric field exists across trapping structure 914. Because tunneling of holes is blocked by structure 914, there is little tunneling leakage during application of a low field. As illustrated in FIG. 10B, however, when a high field exists across trapping structure 914, the bands shift allowing holes to tunnel across structure 914. This is because the barriers presented by layers 916 and 918 are almost eliminated from the perspective of the holes, due to the band shift when a high field is present.

BE-SONOS structures are describe in more detail in the article by Hang-Ting Lue et al., entitled “BE-SONOS: A Bandgap Engineered SONOS With Excellent Performance and Reliability,” IEEE, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as if set forth in full.

FIGS. 9C-9H illustrate other exemplary structures that can be used for the trapping layers included in device 700. For example, FIG. 9C is a diagram illustrating a SONS structure that can be used for the trapping layers included in device 700. The structure illustrated in FIG. 9C comprises a thin oxide layer 924 formed over polysilicon layer 704. A nitride layer 922 is then formed over the thin oxide layer 924. Gate conducting layer 705 can then be formed over nitride layer 922. Thin oxide layer 924 acts as the tunnel dielectric and charge can be stored in nitride layer 922.

FIG. 9D is an example of a top BE-SONOS structure that can be used for trapping layers included in device 700. Accordingly, the structure illustrated in FIG. 9D comprises an oxide layer 936 formed over polysilicon layer 704. A nitride layer 934 is then formed over oxide layer 936, and ONO structure 926 comprising an oxide layer 932, nitride layer 930 and oxide layer 928 is then formed over nitride layer 934. In the example of FIG. 9D, oxide layer 936 acts as the tunnel dielectric layer and charge can be trapped in nitride layer 936.

FIG. 9E is a diagram illustrating a bottom SONOSOS structure that can be used for the trapping layers included in device 700. The structure illustrated in FIG. 9E comprises an oxide layer 948 formed over polysilicon layer 704, and a nitride layer 946 formed over oxide layer 948. A thin oxide layer 944 is then formed over nitride layer 946 followed by a thin polysilicon layer 942. Another thin oxide layer 940 is then formed then over polysilicon layer 942. Accordingly, layers 940, 942, and 944 form an OSO structure 938 near gate conductor 705. In the example of FIG. 9E, oxide layer 948 can act as the tunnel dielectric and charge can be stored in nitride layer 946.

FIG. 9F is a diagram illustrating a bottom SOSONOS structure. Here, a thin OSO structure 954 is formed over polysilicon layer 704. OSO structure 954 comprises thin oxide layer 960, a thin polysilicon layer 958, and a thin oxide layer 956. A nitride layer 952 can then be formed over OSO structure 954, and an oxide layer 950 can be formed over nitride layer 954. In the example of FIG. 9F, OSO structure 954 can act as the tunnel dielectric and charge can be stored in nitride layer 952.

FIG. 9G is a diagram illustrating an exemplary SONONS structure that can be used for the trapping structures included in device 700. Here, an oxide layer 970 is formed over polysilicon layer 704 and a nitride layer 968 is formed over oxide layer 970. An ON structure 962 is then formed over nitride layer 968. ON structure 962 comprises a thin oxide layer 966 formed over nitride layer 968, and a thin nitride layer 964 formed over thin oxide layer 966. In the example of FIG. 9G, oxide layer 970 can act as the tunnel dielectric and charge can be trapped in nitride layer 968.

In other embodiments, the trapping structure can comprise a SiN or a SiON, or a Hi-K material such as HfO₂, Al₂O₃, AIN, etc. In general, any trapping structure or material can be used as long as it meets the requirements of a particular implementation.

In certain embodiments, a metal word line conductor 705 can be used in conjunction with a MONOS trapping structure. An example MONOS trapping structure that can be used in accordance with the embodiments described herein is illustrated in FIG. 11. Here, a dielectric layer, such as an oxide layer 1102 is formed over polysilicon region 704 and acts as the tunnel dielectric. A Nitride layer 1104 is then formed over layer 1102 and is configured to trap charge. Another dielectric layer 1106 is then formed over nitride layer 1104. Metal word line conductor 705 is then formed over dielectric 1106.

For example, as explained in the article by Yoocheol Shin et al. entitled, “A Novel-type MONOS Memory Suing 63 nm Process Technology For Multi-Gigabit Flash EEPROMS,” IEEE, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in full, metal conductor 705 can comprise TaN. Further, dielectric layer 1106 can comprise Al₂O₃.

While certain embodiments of the inventions have been described above, it will be understood that the embodiments described are by way of example only. Accordingly, the inventions should not be limited based on the described embodiments. Rather, the scope of the inventions described herein should only be limited in light of the claims that follow when taken in conjunction with the above description and accompanying drawings. 

1. In a memory array comprising a plurality of cells, each cell comprising a source region, a drain region, and a gate, a plurality of bit lines coupled to the source and drain regions of the plurality of cells and a plurality of word lines coupled with the gates of the plurality of cells, a method for erasing a target one of the plurality of cells, comprising: applying a medium low word-line voltage to the word line associated with the target cell; applying a medium high word-line voltage to the rest of the plurality of word lines; applying a high bit-line voltage to the bit line associated with the target cell; and applying 0 volts to the rest of the plurality of bit lines.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the medium low word-line voltage is in the approximate range of −7 V to −13 V.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the medium high word-line voltage is in the approximate range of 7 V to 13 V.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the high bit-line voltage is in the approximate range of 6-12 V.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising programming one of the plurality of cells at the same time the target cell is being erased.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the array is a 3-dimensional array.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of cells comprise SOI transistors.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the plurality of cells are manufactured using a thin-film-transistor fabrication technique.
 9. In a memory array comprising a plurality of cells, each cell comprising a source region, a drain region, and a gate, a plurality of bit lines coupled to the source and drain regions of the plurality of cells and a plurality of word lines coupled with the gates of the plurality of cells, a method for programming a target one of the plurality of cells, comprising: applying a high word-line voltage to the word line associated with the target cell; applying a medium word-line voltage to the rest of the plurality of word lines; applying 0 volts to the bit line associated with the target cell; and applying a high bit-line voltage to the rest of the plurality of bit lines.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the high word-line voltage is in the approximate range of 14 V to 20 V.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the medium word-line voltage is in the approximate range of 6 V to 12 V.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the high bit-line voltage is in the approximate range of 5 V to 11 V.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the array is a 3-dimensional array.
 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising erasing one of the plurality of cells while the target cell is being programmed.
 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the plurality of cells are manufactured using a silicon-on-insulator technique.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the plurality of cells are manufactured using a thin-film-transistor fabrication technique.
 17. In a memory array comprising a plurality of cells, each cell comprising a source region, a drain region, and a gate, a plurality of bit lines coupled to the source and drain regions of the plurality of cells and a plurality of word lines coupled with the gates of the plurality of cells, a method for simultaneously programming a first target one of the plurality of cells and erasing a second target one of the plurality of cells, comprising: applying a high word-line voltage to the word line associated with the first target cell; applying a medium low word-line voltage to the word line associated with the second target cell; applying a medium word-line voltage to the rest of the plurality of word lines; applying 0 volts to the bit line associated with the first target cell; and applying a high word-line voltage to the bit line associated with the second target cell.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the high word-line voltage applied the first target cell word line is in the approximate range of 14 V to 20 V.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the medium word-line voltage applies to the rest of the plurality of word lines is in the approximate range of 6 V to 12 V.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the high bit-line voltage applied to the bit line associated with the second target cell is in the approximate range of 5 V to 11 V.
 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the plurality of cells comprise SOI transistors.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the plurality of cells are manufactured using a thin-film-transistor fabrication technique.
 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the array is a 3-dimensional array.
 24. The method of claim 17, wherein the medium low word-line voltage applied to the second target cell word line is in the approximate range of −7 V to −13 V. 